सामाजिक व्यवहार के विभिन्न स्तर

different levels of social behavior

We can define social behavior by social interaction. But interaction refers to the interaction of two or more persons with each other and influence on A. This interaction affects the persons concerned. If we look at the subject matter of social psychology in E, it is clear that the study of these effects is done at the level of the individual, at the interpersonal level and at the level of the group. The dividing line between these levels is not always clear. For their nature, it is necessary to discuss these levels of social behavior in some detail.

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Individual level : A major focus of the study of social psychologist and behavior is. He seeks to explain and predict the social influence on the behavior of the individual. His interest is to generalize about attitudes and values ​​etc. Keep in mind that he does not want to know about individual differences because he has to explain the social behavior of man. There have been a great deal of research on social perception, motivation, social learning and social cognition, where social influences have been examined at the individual level and conclusions have been drawn. The design of these studies is very similar to the general studies of psychology. The only difference is that these non-dependent variables are often of social category.

Interpersonal level: This level draws our attention to the end that occurs between two or more persons. Behaviors like communication, attitude change, interpersonal cooperation and helping others come at this level. It should be noted that here the effect of behavior is two-sided. For example: When two unacquainted persons become friends, there is a change in both of them. We are influenced by others and we also influence others. Sadness, happiness, anger and grief cannot be imagined in the absence of social interaction.

 Group Level:When two persons interact with each other as different persons, it is called interpersonal level behaviour. But when we discuss the behavior of a Dyad, it goes to the level of the group, not interpersonal. The need to mingle with people, make friends and companions can be grouped. But group is a special social unit in itself which influences our behavior in a particular direction by its characteristics. Group B positions are formed simultaneously, the roles of the positions are formed, they are formed in the group and there is pressure of the group on the individual. That is, it is definitely formed as a member of the group, but the power and sphere of influence of the group is very wide. These groups are also of many types such as – family friend – congregation. work colleague, Political parties etc. Needless to say that in the life of an individual, the relationship with the group necessarily starts in the beginning and moves in the direction of voluntary social behavior.

समूह के स्तर पर सामाजिक व्यवहार का अध्ययन जितना ही रोचक है उतना ही जटिल । साथ – साथ सक्रिय होना और अन्त क्रिया करना मानव व्यवहार की एक अत्यन्त महत्वपूर्ण विशेषता है । इस अन्त : क्रिया में व्यक्ति विभिन्न कार्यों की समझ भी रखते हैं और उसी समझ की पृष्ठभूमि में एक दूसरे के साथ आचरण करते हैं । समाज मनोवैज्ञानिक , व्यक्तियों के व्यवहार का सामाजिक सन्दर्भो में अध्ययन करता है । यहाँ पर व्यक्ति को उसके सामाजिक परिवेश में रख कर देखा जाता है । सामाजिक अन्त : क्रिया के क्रम में एक व्यक्ति का व्यवहार दूसरे व्यक्ति के लिए उद्दीपक बन जाता है और दूसरे व्यक्ति का व्यवहार पहले व्यक्ति के लिए उद्दीपक का कार्य करता है । ऐसा प्रायः सहज रूप में होता है क्योंकि हम लोग एक – दूसरे के व्यवहार के अर्थ को समझते हैं और उसके बारे में स्पष्ट प्रत्याशाएँ भी रखते हैं । अन्त क्रियात्मक परिस्थिति में व्यक्ति के व्यवहार की व्याख्या व्यक्तित्व , समाज और संस्कृति की व्यवस्थाओं के अंतर्गत की जा सकती है । मनोवैज्ञानिक व्यक्ति – स्तर की व्यवस्था पर बल देते हैं , समाजशास्त्री सामाजिक सम्बन्धों की व्यवस्था पर , जबकि मानवशास्त्री संस्कृति पर । समाज मनोवैज्ञानिक अपने प्रदत्त अधिकांशत : व्यक्तित्व की विशेषताओं और व्यक्तिस्तरीय व्यवहार से प्राप्त करते हैं तथा आवश्यकतानुसार अन्य व्यवस्थाओं से परिवों को ग्रहण कर लेते हैं । परन्तु व्यक्ति के व्यवहार के विश्लेषण में प्राथमिक महत्व के न होते हुए भी सामाजिक और सांस्कृतिक व्यवस्थाओं की भूमिका कम नहीं है ।

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सामाजिक व्यवहार का स्वरूप और महत्व ऐसा है कि इसने मनोवैज्ञानिकों और समाजशास्त्रियों दोनों को ही आकर्षित किया है और उनके कार्यों से समाज मनोविज्ञान की दो स्पष्ट प्रवृत्तियाँ परिलक्षित होती हैं । हालांकि समाज मनोविज्ञान की मुख्य धारा प्रायोगिक है , दो अन्य धाराएँ भी दिखती हैं । इन्हें प्रतीकात्मक अन्त : क्रियावाद ( Symbolic interactionism ) तथा सामाजिक विधिशास्त्र ( Ethnomethodology ) कह सकते हैं । प्रतीकात्मक अन्तक्रियावाद यह मानता है कि आदमी किसी बने बनाये पूर्वनिश्चित मनोवैज्ञानिक ढाँचे के अनुसार व्यवहार नहीं करता है अपितु अपने तथा दूसरों के व्यवहारों का अर्थ समझता है और उसके अनुसार व्यवहार करता है । इस दृष्टिकोण में कर्म ( Action ) अपने परिवेश के साथ समायोजन की प्रक्रिया के रूप में ग्रहण किया जाता है । तात्पर्य यह कि इस विचारधारा में व्यक्ति अपने कर्म को रचने वाला एक सक्रिय अभिकर्ता ( Agent ) है ।

The second ideology is that of those who consider themselves to be neo-symbolic interactionists. Their view is that there is no meaning of the social world apart from the meaning given by the individual. Every man makes meaning and changes behaviors in his daily life. Therefore, the subject of study is to analyze these meanings of the common man. Experimental social psychology envisages man as a reactionary animal, whereas symbolic interactionism views man as an active and thoughtful being.

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