Deep Dive into Sociology: Test Your Core Concepts
Welcome, aspiring sociologists! Are you ready to fortify your conceptual foundations and sharpen your analytical edge? Our daily challenge awaits, designed to push your understanding of the intricate world of sociology. Dive into these 25 meticulously crafted questions, test your knowledge across diverse areas, and gain profound insights from our detailed explanations. Let’s begin this intellectual journey!
Sociology Practice Questions
Instructions: Attempt the following 25 questions and analyze your understanding with the detailed explanations provided.
Question 1: Which of the following concepts, central to Karl Marx’s analysis, refers to the estrangement of individuals from the product of their labor, the process of labor, their species-being, and other human beings?
- Anomie
- Alienation
- Rationalization
- Verstehen
Answer: (B)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: Karl Marx’s concept of ‘Alienation’ (or ‘Estrangement’) describes the process by which workers become separated from their own labor and its products under capitalism. Marx identified four dimensions of alienation: from the product, from the process of production, from one’s species-being (human essence), and from other human beings.
- Context & Elaboration: This concept is a cornerstone of Marx’s critique of capitalism, explored extensively in his early work, especially the ‘Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844’. He argued that alienation is inherent to the capitalist mode of production where labor becomes a mere commodity.
- Incorrect Options: ‘Anomie’ is a concept developed by Émile Durkheim, referring to a state of normlessness. ‘Rationalization’ is a key concept by Max Weber, describing the increasing dominance of logical and efficient social organization. ‘Verstehen’ is also a Weberian concept, meaning empathetic understanding of social action.
Question 2: Who among the following coined the term “Sanskritization” to describe the process of social mobility in the Indian caste system?
- G.S. Ghurye
- M.N. Srinivas
- B.R. Ambedkar
- Louis Dumont
Answer: (B)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: M.N. Srinivas, a renowned Indian sociologist, introduced the concept of “Sanskritization.” It describes the process by which a lower caste, tribal group, or other group changes its customs, rituals, ideology, and way of life in the direction of a twice-born (Dwija) caste, typically the Brahmin, to attain a higher position in the caste hierarchy.
- Context & Elaboration: Srinivas first articulated this concept in his book ‘Religion and Society Among the Coorgs of South India’ (1952) and later elaborated on it in ‘Social Change in Modern India’ (1966). It represents cultural mobility rather than structural mobility.
- Incorrect Options: G.S. Ghurye is known for his work on caste and tribes in India but did not coin “Sanskritization.” B.R. Ambedkar was a leading figure in the anti-caste movement and advocate for Dalits. Louis Dumont is famous for his structuralist analysis of the caste system in ‘Homo Hierarchicus’.
Question 3: According to Émile Durkheim, mechanical solidarity is characterized by:
- Interdependence based on specialization of labor.
- A strong collective conscience and repression.
- Weak social bonds and individualism.
- Emphasis on contractual relationships.
Answer: (B)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: In Durkheim’s ‘The Division of Labor in Society’, mechanical solidarity is typical of traditional, pre-industrial societies. It is characterized by a strong collective conscience, shared beliefs, values, and practices, leading to a high degree of uniformity among individuals. Deviance is met with repressive law.
- Context & Elaboration: Mechanical solidarity is based on the likeness of individuals, where everyone performs similar tasks. Social cohesion is maintained through a powerful collective conscience that ensures conformity.
- Incorrect Options: Option (A) describes organic solidarity, which is characteristic of modern, industrial societies where interdependence arises from the specialization of labor. Options (C) and (D) are not accurate descriptions of mechanical solidarity; while individualism might be low, the bonds are strong, and contractual relationships are more prominent in organic solidarity.
Question 4: Which sociological perspective views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability, often using the analogy of a human body?
- Conflict Theory
- Symbolic Interactionism
- Structural Functionalism
- Feminist Theory
Answer: (C)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: Structural Functionalism is a broad perspective in sociology and anthropology that views society as a complex system whose parts (social institutions like family, education, religion, etc.) work together to promote solidarity and stability. It uses the organic analogy, comparing society to a living organism where each part contributes to the whole. Key thinkers include Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton.
- Context & Elaboration: Functionalists focus on the manifest (intended) and latent (unintended) functions of social structures and institutions, as well as their dysfunctions. The emphasis is on equilibrium and social order.
- Incorrect Options: Conflict Theory (e.g., Marx) views society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change. Symbolic Interactionism (e.g., Mead, Cooley) focuses on micro-level interactions and the meanings people attach to symbols. Feminist Theory analyzes society through the lens of gender inequality and power relations.
Question 5: The concept of “achieved status” refers to a social position that:
- Is assigned at birth, such as race or gender.
- Is earned through personal effort or merit.
- Is inherited through family lineage.
- Is universally recognized across all cultures.
Answer: (B)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: An achieved status is a social position that an individual earns through personal effort, choice, or achievement. Examples include being a doctor, a parent, a professor, or a criminal. It reflects an individual’s capabilities and actions.
- Context & Elaboration: Ralph Linton first formally distinguished between ascribed and achieved statuses. In modern, complex societies, achieved statuses often play a significant role in social stratification and social mobility.
- Incorrect Options: Option (A) and (C) describe “ascribed status,” which is a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or characteristics (e.g., race, gender, family background). Option (D) is incorrect as status recognition can vary culturally.
Question 6: Max Weber’s concept of ‘Rational-Legal Authority’ is based on:
- The sanctity of long-standing traditions.
- The exceptional qualities of a charismatic leader.
- Legitimate rules and procedures.
- The use of physical force.
Answer: (C)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: Max Weber identified three pure types of legitimate authority: traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal. Rational-legal authority (also known as bureaucratic authority) is based on a system of explicit, impersonally established rules and laws, where obedience is owed to the legally established impersonal order. It is the dominant form of authority in modern states and organizations.
- Context & Elaboration: This type of authority is characteristic of bureaucratic organizations and modern democratic states, emphasizing formal rules, procedures, and competence. Weber detailed these types of authority in his work ‘Economy and Society’.
- Incorrect Options: Option (A) describes ‘Traditional Authority’, based on custom and inherited status. Option (B) describes ‘Charismatic Authority’, based on the perceived extraordinary personal qualities of a leader. Option (D) describes coercion, not legitimate authority.
Question 7: Which type of sociological research aims to understand social life by studying face-to-face interaction and the meanings individuals attach to their social world?
- Positivist Research
- Quantitative Research
- Interpretive Research
- Survey Research
Answer: (C)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: Interpretive research (or interpretivist approach) in sociology seeks to understand social phenomena through the subjective meanings and experiences of individuals. It emphasizes qualitative methods like participant observation, in-depth interviews, and ethnography, aiming for ‘Verstehen’ (empathetic understanding), a concept associated with Max Weber.
- Context & Elaboration: This approach contrasts sharply with positivism, arguing that social reality is not objectively measurable like natural phenomena, but rather socially constructed through human interaction and interpretation.
- Incorrect Options: Positivist research and Quantitative research primarily focus on objective measurement, statistical analysis, and seeking universal laws, often using methods like surveys (D). These approaches typically prioritize ‘explanation’ over ‘understanding’ in the interpretive sense.
Question 8: The concept of “Cultural Lag,” where material culture changes faster than non-material culture, was introduced by:
- Talcott Parsons
- William F. Ogburn
- Robert Merton
- Herbert Spencer
Answer: (B)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: William F. Ogburn, in his work ‘Social Change with Respect to Culture and Original Nature’ (1922), introduced the concept of “Cultural Lag.” It describes the period of maladjustment when non-material culture (ideas, beliefs, values, norms) struggles to adapt to new conditions created by changes in material culture (technology, artifacts).
- Context & Elaboration: A common example is how medical technology (material culture) advances rapidly, while ethical debates and social norms around its use (non-material culture) often lag behind (e.g., cloning, artificial intelligence).
- Incorrect Options: Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton are associated with Structural Functionalism. Herbert Spencer is known for Social Darwinism and his evolutionary perspective on society.
Question 9: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of a ‘Tribe’ in the Indian context?
- Geographical isolation
- Endogamy and distinct customs
- Formal education system and state religion
- Strong community bonds and reliance on natural resources
Answer: (C)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: Tribes in the Indian context (Adivasis) are typically characterized by their distinct geographical location (often forested or hilly areas), endogamy (marriage within the group), unique customs, animistic beliefs or indigenous religions, strong community ties, and a close relationship with natural resources. A formal education system or adherence to a state religion are features of more complex, stratified, and often state-integrated societies, not primary defining characteristics of traditional tribal communities. While tribes are increasingly integrated and affected by formal education, it’s not a defining *traditional* characteristic.
- Context & Elaboration: Indian anthropologists and sociologists like G.S. Ghurye and Verrier Elwin have studied tribal societies extensively, highlighting their unique social structures, economic practices, and cultural identities.
- Incorrect Options: Options (A), (B), and (D) are generally recognized characteristics of tribal communities in India, emphasizing their relative isolation, distinct cultural practices, and community-centric life.
Question 10: The concept of ‘Looking-Glass Self’ was developed by:
- George Herbert Mead
- Charles Horton Cooley
- Erving Goffman
- Sigmund Freud
Answer: (B)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: Charles Horton Cooley, a prominent symbolic interactionist, developed the concept of the ‘Looking-Glass Self’. This concept posits that our self-concept develops through our interpretation of how others perceive us. It involves three steps: 1) We imagine how we appear to others. 2) We imagine their judgment of that appearance. 3) We develop feelings (pride, shame, etc.) about ourselves based on these imagined judgments.
- Context & Elaboration: Cooley introduced this idea in his work ‘Human Nature and the Social Order’ (1902). It highlights the highly social and interpretive nature of self-formation.
- Incorrect Options: George Herbert Mead developed the concept of ‘Me’ and ‘I’ and the stages of self-development (play, game). Erving Goffman is known for dramaturgical analysis and impression management. Sigmund Freud was a psychoanalyst, focusing on the unconscious mind.
Question 11: In the context of social stratification, a ‘closed system’ is one where:
- Social mobility is highly restricted or non-existent.
- Individuals can move freely between social classes.
- Achieved status is the primary determinant of social position.
- Economic factors are the sole basis for ranking.
Answer: (A)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: A ‘closed system’ of social stratification is characterized by very little or no social mobility. One’s social position is largely determined at birth and is difficult or impossible to change. The caste system in India, historically, is a prime example of a closed system.
- Context & Elaboration: In such systems, ascribed statuses play a dominant role. Social hierarchies are rigid, and opportunities are severely limited by birth.
- Incorrect Options: Option (B) describes an ‘open system’ of stratification (like a class system), where social mobility is possible. Option (C) refers to open systems where achievement matters more. Option (D) incorrectly narrows the basis of ranking to solely economic factors, whereas closed systems often incorporate religious, ritual, or customary factors.
Question 12: Which sociological thinker extensively studied suicide, identifying different types based on the level of social integration and regulation?
- Max Weber
- Karl Marx
- Émile Durkheim
- Auguste Comte
Answer: (C)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: Émile Durkheim’s seminal work ‘Suicide’ (1897) is a landmark sociological study where he empirically demonstrated that suicide, seemingly a highly individual act, is profoundly influenced by social factors. He identified four types of suicide: egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic, based on an individual’s level of social integration and moral regulation.
- Context & Elaboration: Durkheim used statistical data to show how rates of suicide varied across different social groups, challenging purely psychological explanations and establishing the importance of sociological analysis in understanding social phenomena.
- Incorrect Options: Max Weber focused on rationalization, authority, and the Protestant ethic. Karl Marx analyzed class conflict and alienation. Auguste Comte is considered the founder of sociology and positivism but did not conduct this specific study.
Question 13: The concept of “Reference Group” was significantly developed by which sociologist?
- Erving Goffman
- Robert K. Merton
- George Herbert Mead
- Talcott Parsons
Answer: (B)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: Robert K. Merton, a functionalist, significantly developed the concept of the “Reference Group.” A reference group is a social group that an individual uses as a standard for self-evaluation and behavior, influencing their attitudes, aspirations, and values. People often compare themselves to, and derive their norms from, groups they belong to or aspire to belong to.
- Context & Elaboration: Merton elaborated on this concept, distinguishing between positive and negative reference groups, and explaining phenomena like anticipatory socialization, where individuals adopt the values of a group they wish to join.
- Incorrect Options: Erving Goffman focused on dramaturgical analysis and impression management. George Herbert Mead is known for the “Me” and “I” and symbolic interactionism. Talcott Parsons developed grand theories of social action and social systems.
Question 14: Which of the following terms refers to the systematic study of human society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture of everyday life?
- Psychology
- Anthropology
- Sociology
- Economics
Answer: (C)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture. It examines how social structures, institutions, and processes shape human behavior, beliefs, and values.
- Context & Elaboration: Sociology emerged in the 19th century in response to vast social changes (Industrial Revolution, French Revolution) and aims to provide a systematic understanding of social order and social change.
- Incorrect Options: Psychology studies the mind and individual behavior. Anthropology focuses on human societies and cultures, especially in their holistic and comparative aspects, often historical or cross-cultural. Economics studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Question 15: The concept of ‘False Consciousness’ in Marxist theory refers to:
- The proletariat’s accurate understanding of their exploitation.
- The bourgeoisie’s awareness of their dominant position.
- A distorted understanding of one’s social reality, especially among the exploited.
- The revolutionary consciousness that drives social change.
Answer: (C)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: In Marxist theory, ‘False Consciousness’ describes a state where the proletariat (working class) fails to recognize its true position and interests within the capitalist system. They internalize the ideologies of the dominant class, believing that the system is fair or that their suffering is individual rather than systemic. This prevents them from developing ‘class consciousness’ and challenging the status quo.
- Context & Elaboration: This concept is crucial to Marx’s explanation of why revolution had not occurred despite widespread exploitation. He argued that the dominant ideas in society are the ideas of the dominant class, used to maintain their power.
- Incorrect Options: Option (A) describes ‘class consciousness’. Option (B) is the consciousness of the ruling class. Option (D) is the development of revolutionary class consciousness, which overcomes false consciousness.
Question 16: Which institution is responsible for socializing individuals into the norms and values of society, transmitting cultural heritage, and preparing them for their future roles?
- The Economy
- The Political System
- Education
- The Legal System
Answer: (C)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: Education, as a social institution, plays a crucial role in socialization, which is the process by which individuals internalize the norms, values, and beliefs of their society. Schools transmit cultural knowledge, prepare individuals for roles in the workforce, and foster social integration by teaching shared values.
- Context & Elaboration: Functionalists like Durkheim viewed education as vital for maintaining social solidarity and training individuals for specific roles in the division of labor. Conflict theorists, however, critique education for reproducing social inequalities and serving the interests of the dominant class.
- Incorrect Options: The Economy focuses on production, distribution, and consumption of goods. The Political System relates to power, governance, and decision-making. The Legal System maintains social order through laws and enforcement. While these institutions also contribute to socialization, education is explicitly designed for it.
Question 17: The concept of “McDonaldization” was introduced by George Ritzer to describe:
- The spread of American fast-food chains globally.
- The increasing rationalization of all aspects of life.
- The cultural homogenization due to globalization.
- The decline of traditional forms of community.
Answer: (B)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: George Ritzer coined “McDonaldization” to describe the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant (efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control through technology) are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society and the world. It is a form of rationalization, extending Weber’s ideas on bureaucracy.
- Context & Elaboration: Ritzer argues that while McDonaldization offers benefits like convenience and consistency, it can also lead to dehumanization, irrationality of rationality, and a loss of creativity. His book ‘The McDonaldization of Society’ details this concept.
- Incorrect Options: While it involves the spread of fast food (A) and contributes to cultural homogenization (C), the core sociological concept is about the *process* of rationalization beyond just restaurants. Option (D) is a possible consequence but not the primary definition of the concept itself.
Question 18: Which of the following is an example of an informal social control mechanism?
- Police arrests and imprisonment
- Traffic laws and fines
- Peer pressure and ridicule
- Government regulations and permits
Answer: (C)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: Informal social control refers to the unofficial, often subtle, ways in which conformity to norms is enforced through everyday interactions and social pressure. Peer pressure, ridicule, gossip, praise, or ostracism are examples. These mechanisms operate without formal laws or specialized agents.
- Context & Elaboration: Informal controls are crucial in maintaining order within families, peer groups, and local communities. They are often more pervasive and immediate than formal controls.
- Incorrect Options: Options (A), (B), and (D) are examples of formal social control. Formal social control relies on official organizations and institutions (like the police, courts, and government agencies) to enforce laws, rules, and regulations through sanctions like fines, imprisonment, or legal restrictions.
Question 19: The concept of ‘Habitus’ and ‘Cultural Capital’ are most closely associated with which sociologist?
- Michel Foucault
- Pierre Bourdieu
- Anthony Giddens
- Jurgen Habermas
Answer: (B)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: Pierre Bourdieu, a French sociologist, developed the concepts of ‘Habitus’ and ‘Cultural Capital’. Habitus refers to the system of dispositions, or ingrained habits, skills, and ways of acting and thinking that are acquired through experience and shape an individual’s perceptions and practices. Cultural capital refers to the non-financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means (e.g., education, intellect, style of speech, aesthetic preferences).
- Context & Elaboration: Bourdieu used these concepts to analyze social reproduction and class inequality, arguing that different forms of capital (economic, social, cultural, symbolic) contribute to social stratification. His works like ‘Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste’ are central.
- Incorrect Options: Michel Foucault is known for his work on power, knowledge, discourse, and institutions (e.g., prisons, clinics). Anthony Giddens developed the theory of structuration. Jurgen Habermas is known for his critical theory and concept of communicative action.
Question 20: According to the Dependency Theory, the underdevelopment of peripheral nations is primarily a result of:
- Their lack of natural resources.
- Their inherent cultural deficiencies.
- Their historical exploitation by core nations.
- Their failure to adopt capitalist models.
Answer: (C)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: Dependency Theory, originating in Latin America in the 1960s, argues that the underdevelopment of peripheral (developing) nations is not due to internal factors but is a direct consequence of their historical and ongoing exploitation by core (developed) nations within the global capitalist system. It posits that core nations grow at the expense of peripheral nations, creating and maintaining their dependency.
- Context & Elaboration: This theory emerged as a critique of modernization theory, which suggested that all countries could develop by following the path of Western industrialization. Key proponents include Raúl Prebisch, André Gunder Frank, and Immanuel Wallerstein (World-Systems Theory, which builds on dependency theory).
- Incorrect Options: Options (A) and (B) are often attributed to modernization theory or cultural explanations, which dependency theorists reject. Option (D) reflects a modernization theory viewpoint, which dependency theory directly challenges, arguing that integration into global capitalism is precisely what creates dependency.
Question 21: The concept of ‘Role Conflict’ occurs when:
- An individual struggles to perform a single social role.
- The expectations associated with two or more different roles held by an individual clash.
- An individual experiences stress from too many demands within a single role.
- An individual’s personal values contradict the demands of their role.
Answer: (B)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: Role conflict arises when the demands or expectations associated with two or more distinct social roles that an individual simultaneously occupies are incompatible or contradictory. For example, a person might experience role conflict as a student preparing for exams and as an employee needing to work extra hours.
- Context & Elaboration: This concept helps explain the stresses and dilemmas individuals face in modern complex societies where they often juggle multiple roles. It’s distinct from ‘role strain’ (option C), which involves difficulties within a single role.
- Incorrect Options: Option (A) describes a general difficulty in role performance. Option (C) defines ‘Role Strain’. Option (D) describes a values conflict, which can lead to role conflict but is not the definition itself.
Question 22: Which method of sociological research involves systematically collecting and analyzing data from existing documents, cultural artifacts, or media to infer patterns or meanings?
- Participant Observation
- Experimental Design
- Content Analysis
- Survey Research
Answer: (C)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: Content Analysis is a systematic research method used to analyze symbolic content (words, phrases, images, themes) from various forms of communication. Researchers quantify or qualify the presence, meanings, and relationships of these symbols, whether from texts, images, audio, or video, to draw inferences about the messages and their context.
- Context & Elaboration: It is a versatile method that can be quantitative (counting occurrences of words) or qualitative (interpreting underlying meanings). Examples include analyzing newspaper articles, social media posts, advertisements, or government reports.
- Incorrect Options: Participant Observation involves immersing oneself in a social setting to understand it from an insider’s perspective. Experimental Design manipulates variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships. Survey Research collects data by asking questions to a sample of individuals.
Question 23: The concept of “Gemeinschaft” and “Gesellschaft” to distinguish between traditional and modern societies was proposed by:
- Max Weber
- Ferdinand Tönnies
- Georg Simmel
- Karl Marx
Answer: (B)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: Ferdinand Tönnies, a German sociologist, introduced the concepts of “Gemeinschaft” (community) and “Gesellschaft” (society/association) in his 1887 book ‘Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft’. Gemeinschaft describes traditional, rural communities characterized by strong, personal, intimate, and emotionally-based social ties, shared traditions, and collective will. Gesellschaft describes modern, urban societies characterized by impersonal, contractual, and goal-oriented social relationships, individualism, and a reliance on formal laws.
- Context & Elaboration: Tönnies saw the transition from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft as a fundamental shift in human social organization, with the rise of industrialization and urbanization.
- Incorrect Options: Max Weber focused on rationalization and bureaucracy. Georg Simmel analyzed the forms of social interaction and the impact of urban life. Karl Marx focused on class conflict and economic structures.
Question 24: Which of the following best defines ‘Patriarchy’ in a sociological context?
- A family structure where power is shared equally between genders.
- A system of social organization where men hold primary power and authority.
- A society where women hold primary power and authority.
- A cultural practice of revering ancestors.
Answer: (B)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: In sociology, ‘Patriarchy’ refers to a system of social organization where men hold primary power and authority in all significant spheres of society – political, economic, legal, religious, and domestic. This power structure typically grants privileges to men and subordinates women.
- Context & Elaboration: Feminist theories extensively analyze patriarchy as a foundational structure of gender inequality, influencing institutions, norms, and individual experiences across different societies and historical periods.
- Incorrect Options: Option (A) describes an egalitarian system. Option (C) describes a ‘Matriarchy’, which is a rare or disputed historical social system. Option (D) describes ancestor worship, a religious or cultural practice, unrelated to the concept of societal power structure.
Question 25: The concept of ‘Sanitation Ladder’ in rural and urban development studies primarily refers to:
- A hierarchy of social workers involved in sanitation programs.
- A progressive sequence of improvements in sanitation facilities and practices.
- The historical evolution of waste disposal techniques.
- The economic cost involved in building public toilets.
Answer: (B)
Detailed Explanation:
- Correctness: The ‘Sanitation Ladder’ is a concept used in public health and development studies, especially by organizations like WHO and UNICEF, to describe a progressive scale of improved sanitation facilities and practices. It illustrates different levels of access to and quality of sanitation, from unimproved (e.g., open defecation) to basic, safely managed, and ultimately universal access to advanced sanitation services.
- Context & Elaboration: The “ladder” metaphor implies that communities and households can move up in terms of sanitation access and quality, with each step representing an improvement in public health outcomes and environmental protection. It’s a framework for monitoring progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6.2.
- Incorrect Options: Option (A) relates to human resources, not facilities. Option (C) refers to a historical account, not a current development framework. Option (D) highlights a single aspect (cost) but doesn’t define the comprehensive concept of the ladder.
सफलता सिर्फ कड़ी मेहनत से नहीं, सही मार्गदर्शन से मिलती है। हमारे सभी विषयों के कम्पलीट नोट्स, G.K. बेसिक कोर्स, और करियर गाइडेंस बुक के लिए नीचे दिए गए लिंक पर क्लिक करें।
[कोर्स और फ्री नोट्स के लिए यहाँ क्लिक करें]